地下中介、墮落的科學家和編輯構成了中國繁榮的論文代寫地下黑市，論文代寫服務商以最多高達數萬美元的價格出售論文署名權。《科學》雜誌發表了一篇論文，
揭開了中國論文代寫產業不為人知的一面。 提供學術服務的中介Core
Editing在2012年8月推銷12篇論文的署名權，其中一篇是關於老年痴呆症；11月這篇論文遞交到了加拿大科學期刊《Canadian
Journal of Neurological
Sciences》，神經學家在審議之後作為原創研究接受了該論文。論文署名作者是八名山東大學的科學家，第一作者是JianZhong
Bi。在被《科學》雜誌曝光之後，期刊正在調查這篇可疑論文，Bi堅決否認有不端行為，否認他或其他人付費署名論文。在《科學》雜誌的調查中，作者
Mara
Hvistendahl和同事聯繫了27家中國公司，詢問購買論文的署名權或代寫論文，只有5家公司予以拒絕，他們從中獲悉署名權的費用在1600美元到
2.63萬美元之間。論文代寫黑市不僅僅出售署名權，還包括直接翻譯中文論文以英文遞交形式的自我剽竊；僱用槍手利用偽造或獨立收集的數據編寫論文；或者
簡單的從出售的論文中購買一篇。在國際知名期刊上出版論文對於中國科學家至關重要，北京大學第三醫院前副院長 Fan
Dongsheng說，為了在國際期刊上出版論文許多人不惜成本。
Abstract
Objectives To test the hypothesis that, on average, male surgeons are
taller and better looking than male physicians, and to compare both sets
of doctors with film stars who play doctors on screen.
Design Comparative study.
Setting Typical university hospital in Spain, located in Barcelona and not in a sleepy backwater.
Participants Random sample of 12 surgeons and 12 physicians plus 4
external controls (film stars who play doctors), matched by age (50s)
and sex (all male).
Interventions An independent committee (all female) evaluated the 「good looking score」 (range 1-7).
Main outcome measures Height (cm) and points on the good looking score.
Results Surgeons were significantly taller than physicians (mean height
179.4 v 172.6 cm; P=0.01). Controls had significantly higher good
looking scores than surgeons (mean score 5.96 v 4.39; difference between
means 1.57, 95% confidence interval 0.69 to 2.45; P=0.013) and
physicians (5.96 v 3.65; 2.31, 1.58 to 3.04; P=0.003). Surgeons had
significantly higher good looking scores than physicians (4.39 v 3.65;
0.74; 0.25 to 1.23; P=0.010).
Conclusions Male surgeons are taller and better looking than physicians,
but film stars who play doctors on screen are better looking than both
these groups of doctors. Whether these phenotypic differences are
genetic or environmental is unclear.
全文 Phenotypic differences between male physicians, surgeons, and film stars: comparative study
China Reins in Wilder Impulses in Treatment
of 「Internet Addiction」
Richard Stone
Science 26 Jun 2009
網癮治療中對患者網癮衝動的中國式束縛
Summary:
No one doubts that logging long hours on the Internet can erode
quality of life and on occasion can lead to ruinous consequences. In China
alone, it"s estimated that 5 million of the country"s 300 million Internet
users are "Internet addicts." Adolescents are especially vulnerable.
But there is no meeting of the minds on whether Internet addiction is a genuine
disorder. An American Psychiatric Association panel is now weighing whether to
include Internet addiction in the fifth edition of the field"s practices bible,
the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,
planned for release in 2012. In China, the official view appears to be that
Internet addiction is a genuine disorder, but attitudes are shifting about how
aggressively it should be treated.
BEIJING—World of Warcraft was Sun Jiuqing"s undoing. It began to take
over his life last autumn, after the 18-year-old had transferred to a new high
school with higher academic standards than his previous one. He struggled from
the start. 「I couldn"t catch up to the other students,」 he says. Sun chose
instead to escape. Before long, he was spending 10 hours a day playing World of
Warcraft, an online game. Sun spurned pleas to stop. Finally, in late March,
his father drove the young man a few hours from their home in Tianjin to a
People"s Liberation Army barracks in south Beijing and admitted him to the
General Hospital of Beijing Military Region"s Addiction Medicine Center (AMC).
For youth diagnosed with 「Internet addiction disorder」 at
the Addiction Medicine Center, psychiatrist Tao Ran (inset) prescribes
everything from drugs to military-style discipline.
No one doubts that logging long hours on
the Internet can erode quality of life and on occasion can lead to ruinous
consequences. 「It"s a global phenomenon,」 says AMC director Tao Ran, a
psychiatrist and senior colonel. In China alone, Tao estimates, 5 million of
the country"s 300 million Internet users are 「Internet addicts.」 Adolescents
are especially vulnerable. 「Youth who compulsively seek social contact on the
Internet at the expense of offline activities may be finding it difficult to
establish sufficiently gratifying social ties in their regular lives,」 says
sociologist Zeynep Tufekci of the University of Maryland, Baltimore County.
But there is no meeting of the minds on whether
Internet addiction (IA) is a genuine disorder. 「Labeling these behaviors as
deviant is being done by older generations who have very different experiences
with technology,」 argues Shelia Cotten, a sociologist at the University of
Alabama, Birmingham. Overlooking or ignoring social factors can result in
unnecessary medical interventions for behaviors that 「do not fit into the
structure of our society as it happens to be now,」 adds Tufekci.
An American Psychiatric Association
panel is now weighing whether to include IA in the fifth edition of the field"s
practices bible, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders (DSM-V), planned for release in 2012. In an editorial
in the March 2008 issue of The American Journal of Psychiatry,
Jerald Block, a psychiatrist in Portland, Oregon, argued that IA 「appears to be
a common disorder that merits inclusion.」 But Cotten, for one, disagrees. She
thinks it is premature to include IA in DSM-V given the lack
of consensus about what constitutes IA or 「whether Internet addiction disorder
even exists.」
In China, the official view appears to
be that Internet addiction is a genuine disorder, but attitudes are shifting
about how aggressively it should be treated. Last year, CCTV-12, a central
government channel, ran a series of glowing reports on
a clinic in Shandong Province in eastern China that has used electric shocks on
unanesthetized IA patients as part of what the clinic"s director, Yang Yongxin,
has called a 「holy crusade」 to cure IA. Earlier this month, the state-owned
newspaper China Daily ran an article raising questions about
Yang"s methods, indicating an official about-face on the use of electric shocks
as a valid IA treatment.
Several years ago, when parents started
showing up at AMC claiming that their adolescent children were Internet junkies,
「at first I was skeptical we were seeing a true disorder,」 says center
psychologist Huang Xiuqin. But as cases accumulated, she and Tao, her boss,
became convinced that IA is an authentic disorder. Of the more than 3000 cases
they have chronicled, patients were spending on average 9 hours a day on the
Net.
Tao has been trying to put diagnosis and
treatment of IA on a more solid footing. Last November, his group released the
first diagnostic criteria for IA; a paper outlining the guidelines is under
review at the journal Addiction. The group classifies sufferers in
three categories: simple IA (about 40% of cases), IA with accompanying symptoms
such as anxiety or depression (30%), and IA with a second disorder, such as
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (30%). About 80% of patients are
teenage boys.
Tao"s group has defined seven IA
symptoms, including preoccupation with the Internet, disregard of harmful consequences
of spending too much time online, and loss of interest in other activities.
「Only being on the Internet makes them happy,」 says Tao. To qualify for
diagnosis as an Internet addict, they have proposed that a person must spend at
least 6 hours a day on the Internet (for reasons other than business or
academic work) for at least 3 months after showing symptoms.
In the vast majority of cases, Tao says,
the culprit is online games, although female patients also often get hooked on
online chat rooms. After arriving at AMC, 「almost all」 patients suffer
withdrawal symptoms, Tao says, including anger, irritation, and restlessness,
that fade after a few weeks. (Those reactions may not be too surprising:
Adolescents are usually taken against their will to AMC, whose dormitory"s
entrance has steel bars—a state requirement of psychiatric wards.)
AMC"s treatments include behavioral
training, drug therapy for patients with mental symptoms, dancing and sports,
reading, karaoke, and elements of the 「12 step」 program of Alcoholics
Anonymous. A 「very important」 part of the regimen is family therapy, says Tao.
「Internet addiction occurs because the parents are doing something wrong,」 he
asserts. Patients tend to have parents who are strict authoritarians or demand
perfection, or come from single-parent households or homes in which the parents
are frequently fighting, Tao says. In the beginning, parents tend to blame
their children, he says, but after treatment they recognize their failings.
註：美國於1935年成立了匿名戒酒會(Alcoholics Anonymous，AA，又稱嗜酒者互誡會、戒酒互助會等)，這是世界上最富盛名的自助組織。在其影響下，1953年創建匿名戒毒會（Narcotics Anonymous NA ），並以12步戒酒法為藍本發展了12步戒毒法（或者說12準則，舉例：
As documented in a CCTV-12 program last
year, Yang Yongxin administered electric shocks to 「H」 (top) with an
electroconvulsive therapy machine (bottom).
In the absence of guidance from China"s
health ministry, which is considering but has not yet adopted the military
hospital"s IA definition, dubious clinics have sprouted up throughout the
country. Some force IA patients to go on kilometers-long hikes day after day as
therapy. 「That"s unscientific. It doesn"t treat the nature of the disorder,」
says Tao.
The most infamous, perhaps, is the Yang
Yongxin Center for IA Treatment at public hospital number four in Linyi,
Shandong. Last year, a CCTV-12 segment recounted how the parents of a young
man, 「H,」 drugged him with a dozen sleeping pills and brought him to Yang"s
clinic. After 「H」 had woken up, he protested to Yang that he was over 18 years
old and therefore they could not force him to stay without his consent. Yang
bundled 「H」 into a room, and other patients restrained him on a bed, after
which Yang administered shocks—for more than 1 hour, the narrator claimed—with
a DX-IIA electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) machine, clearly shown in the program.
In an 8 May article in China Youth Daily, Yang explained that he
uses a weaker current than standard ECT and that the shocks, although 「very
painful,」 are 「harmless.」
After months of appeals from Tao and
colleagues, last month three government entities—the central government"s
information ministry, Shandong Province government, and the Communist Youth
League—launched an investigation of Yang"s clinic. A Linyi hospital spokesperson
declined to comment. She stated that as Science went to press, Yang
was occupied with a CCTV interview and would not be available to speak
with Science.
Cracking down on extreme treatments is
unlikely to alter views in China that IA is a disorder. At the barracks in
Beijing"s Daxing district, Sun has taken a break from drills in AMC"s
courtyard. It was difficult, he says, adapting to waking at sunrise, lights out
at 9 p.m., and other elements of the center"s strict regimen. But after nearly
3 months, he says, 「I feel normal now,」 and adds that he and his father, who
has stayed in Beijing the whole time, are communicating much better with each
other.
In a few days,
Sun will return to the real world. Tao"s statistics show that there is a 40%
chance the teenager will relapse. But for now, Sun is eager to get back to
school—and face down the temptation of losing himself, once again, to the
Internet.
