定語從句之專題二:that引導定語從句。(系統講解內在原理)

(本文選自《魔方英語語法》第十一章第四節。已經登記版權,請勿用於商業用途。)

本文主要講定語從句的引導詞that的代替和省略

因為引導詞對先行詞的復指(重複指定),所以,定語從句的引導詞有時可以代替或省略。(注意,因為名從和狀從沒有先行詞,所以,名從和狀從的引導詞不能代替或省略。)。如,

●The school which/that/? he once studied in is very famous.(由於which復指先行詞the

school,所以,有時可以代替為that,也可以省略。)

下文中,1/2/3/4講代替,5/6講that省略。

下邊依次講解。

1.that本身是為了代替who(m)/which而產生的。前邊講過,關係代詞一般是由疑問代詞變來的。但是,that並不是疑問代詞,為何也能引導定語從句呢?這是因為,that本身就是為了代替who(m)/which而產生的。

例句(that代替who(m)/which)

●The man ____you met just now is my old friend.

(填who(m)/that/?。who/that指人。作賓語時可以省略。)

●The man ____is walking on the playground is my old friend.

(填who/that。who/that指人。作主語時不能省略。)

●Take the book ____is lying on the table.

(填which/that。which/that指物。)

●Do you know the things and persons____they are talking about?

(先行詞既有人又有物時,用that。因為that可以指人/物,用一個就可以代替。)

2. that/who(m)/which用法比較表,見下表,

下邊舉例說明。

註:⑤的例句見第四節.六.6。⑥的例句見第五節.一。

3.that 不但可以代替關係代詞(who(m)/which),也可以代替關係副詞(when/where/why)。

①一般地,關係代詞who(m)/which可以被that代替或省略。

例句(關係代詞被that代替,或者省略。)

●He is the man (whom/that/?) I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天見的那個人。

●The package (which/that/?) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.你拿的包快散了。

②當先行詞為the time/place/reason等明確表示時間/地點/原因的詞時,關係副詞when/where/why可以被that代替或省略。(這是因為,此時的代替或省略,不會產生歧義。)

例句(關係副詞被that代替,或者省略。)

●I』ll never forget the day when/that/? we met.我永遠也忘不了我們見面的那天。

●That is the place where/that/? we went before.那就是我們以前去過的地方。

●That』s the reason why/that/? I took it.那就是我買它的原因。

4.用that代替who(m)/which,可以防止引導詞重複。何謂「重複」?不是單詞的重複,而是詞頭的重複。(that的詞頭是th-,與who(m)/which的詞頭是wh-。)

①前句用了「th-」,後句再用「th-」,叫重複;所以,如果前句用了「th-」,後句就不宜用「th-」,而用who(m)/which。②前句用了「wh-」,後句再用「wh-」,也叫重複。所以,如果前句用了「wh-」,後句就不宜用「wh-」,而用that。(一般地,這條規則是軟規則,不是硬規則。也就是說,盡量不要重複,但是即使重複了也不算錯。)

例句(如果前有疑問詞who(m)/which/what等,引導詞宜用that。)

Who is the person that supports your family?

Which is the bus that you will take?

●They secretly built up a small factory, which produced things that could cause pollution.

例句(如果先行詞是that/those時,引導詞宜用who(m)/which。)

●People all like those who(常用)/that(不常用) have good manners.

●What』s that which flashed in the sky just now?

5.什麼情況下可以省略that?

分兩類情況,that(連詞)引導的名詞性從句和that(代詞)引導的定語從句。如下表,

助記:中學階段,認為只有第②種情況(加底紋)可以省略,其餘三種情況統統認為不能省略即可。

鏈接:that(代詞)作賓語時,有些情況下不能省略。如,①直接跟在介詞後作賓語時不能省略。參看第四節.三.介詞+whom/which。②在非限制性定語從句中不能省略。參看第五節。

例句(省略連詞that)下列例句中的括弧表示可以省略。

●It is a pity (that) you don』t know Russian.(主語從句時省略that)

●I hear (that) he has join the club.(賓語從句時省略that)

●I』m afraid (that) I』ve made a mistake.(賓語從句時省略that)

●The reason is (that) you don』t trust her.(表語從句時省略that)

例句(省略代詞that)

●The man (who(m)/that) we met yesterday used to be my schoolmaster.(作賓語時省略that)

●The novel (which/that) he reads is borrowed from the library.(省略代詞which/that)

●He is no longer the lazy boy (that) he was.他不再是以前那個懶孩子了。(作表語時省略that)

6.which/whom作介詞的賓語時,可以代替為that嗎?可以省略嗎?介詞與which/whom,靠得緊則不能換不能省,靠得不緊則能換能省。詳細地說,①介詞與which/whom在一起時,which/whom既不能替換為that/who也不能省略。②介詞與which/whom分開時(介詞置於句尾),which/whom既可以替換為that/who也可以省略。

This is the pen with which/(that×)/(?×)I wrote the letter.

This is the pen which/that/?I wrote the letter with.

This is the hero of whom/(who×)/(that×)/(?×) we are proud.

This is the hero whom/who/that/?we are proud of.

分組對比練習

題組25(that/which/who(m)引導定語從句)

第1—3題考查「先行詞是指物的不定代詞時,如何選擇引導詞?」,第4—5題考查「引導詞在定語從句中作指人表語時,如何選擇引導詞?」,第6—7考查其它必須用that的情況。

1. I refuse to accept the blame for something____ was someone else』s fault. (2010,全國II) that A. who B. that C. as D. what

句意:我拒絕接受由於別人的過錯而導致的對我的責備。

分析:先行詞是指物的不定代詞時,關係代詞用that。sth that。選B。

2. The thought of going back home was____kept him happy while he was working abroad.(上海高考題) A. that B. all that C. all what D. which all that。選B。

3. Please send us all the information ____ you have about the candidate for the position. (2014,陝西) A. that B. which C. as D. what

句意:請把你擁有的關於這個職位的候選人的所有信息發給我們。

分析:先行詞是all the information,用that,即,all…that。選A。

4. Her sister has become a lawyer,_____ she wanted to be.(2005,湖北)

A.who B. that C. what D. which

分析:①引導詞在定語從句中作表語時用which指人。②who(m)不能在定從中作表語。選D。

5. When deeply absorbed in work, ______he often was, he would forget all about eating or sleeping.(2012,北京) A. that B. which C. where D. when

分析:引導詞在定語從句中作表語時用which指人。選B。

6. An ecosystem consists of the living and nonliving in an area____interact with one another.(2013.上海) A.that B.where C.who D.what

分析:先行詞是the living and nonliving,既有人又有物,用that。選A。

7. Stephen Hawking believes that the earth is unlikely to be the only planet ____ life has developed gradually.(2010,福建)(陷阱題) A. that B. where C. which D. whose

分析:先行詞被強勢指定時,關係代詞用that(但是關係副詞不在此限)。本題應該用the only… where。選B。

題組26(用where,which,that,the one選擇填空)

1. Is this the factory ____you visited last week? Is this factory ____you visited last week?

2. All ____we need most is more food. All ____is most needed is more food.

3. Is this the flat ____you once lived? Is the flat in ____you once lived?

Is this flat ____you once lived in? Is this the only flat ____you have lived in?

Is it in this flat ____you once lived?

答案:1.which/that,the one。2.that/?,that。3.where,which(介詞後不用that),which/that,that(先行詞是the only…),that(強調句)。

題組27(引導詞的省略)

1. Women ____ drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those ____ dont.(2006,北京) A. who; / B. /; who C. who; who D. /; /

句意:每天喝兩杯以上的咖啡的女性比不喝咖啡的女性更容易患上心臟病。

分析:引導詞在定語從句中作主語時不能省略,選C。

2. — Do you have anything to say for yourselves? — Yes, there is one point____we must insist on.(2006,江西) A. why B. where C. how D. 不填 分析:引導詞在定語從句中作賓語時省略,選D。

3.The house I grew up _____ has been taken down and replaced by an office

building.(2009,江西) A. in it B. in C in that D in which

句意:我成長的那間房子已經被拆掉了,取而代之的是一座辦公樓。

分析:不選D,因為,從句=引導詞+陳述句語序,所以,不論是which還是in which都要放在句首,不能放在句尾,即,The house (which/that) I grew up in (定語從句) has been….。選B。

4. Having checked the doors were closed, and ____all the lights were off, the boy opened the door to his bedroom.(2007,湖南) A.why B.that C.when D.where

句意:這個男孩在核實過所有的門都關了,所有的燈都關了以後,才打開自己的卧室門。分析:此題考查that(連詞)引導名詞性從句(對比:that(代詞)引導定語從句)。關鍵在於識別並列的賓語從句。check+ (that)從句+that從句。兩個賓語從句,前一個可以省略that,後一個不能省略that。選B。

5. Is this the reason ____at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?(2002,上海春)

A.he explained B.what he explained C.how he explained D.why he explained

句意:這就是他在會議上對他為什麼在工作中粗心大意所作的解釋嗎?分析:he explained the reason→he explained which/that(which/that) he explained(代詞which/that作賓語時可以省略)。選A。

課外閱讀

定語從句的引導詞的「超級大轉盤」。

正是由於省略與代替,所以定語從句的引導詞顯得靈活多變。

如,她到的那天是星期四。(下邊的說法都對,①最正式,⑦最不正式。)

暈了沒?!其實,萬變不離其宗,不外乎:原來的,代替的,省略的。

定語從句的引導詞的常見錯誤(多詞/少詞)。

雖然定語從句的引導詞非常靈活,但也不是想怎變就怎變!

為什麼可以省略that呢?

引導詞that,不管是作為連詞引導名詞性從句,還是作為代詞引導定語從句,都是作為從句開始的標誌。有了這個標誌/記號,大家就知道後邊跟的是從句,所以一般不能省略。但是,由於that (連詞)本身無意義,that (代詞)是對先行詞的復指,所以,如果不影響識別從句,就可以省略。

(1)引導名詞性從句的that(連詞),本身沒有詞義,所以有時可以省略。(注意,由於沒有詞義,而可以省略的情況,只有that(連詞)。)

那麼,何時可以省略何時不能省略呢?在名詞性從句中,that本身無詞義,that只是個記號,用這個記號來識別從句。名詞性從句的that,就像學生的學生證,門房大爺如果認得你,則不用檢查證件;如果不認得你,則要檢查證件。同理,如果省略that後,那個句子仍然只可能被看作從句,則可以省略;如果省略that後,那個句子可能會被誤認為主句,則不能省略。(that引導賓語從句時,所有的能省略或不能省略的情況,都可以照此解釋。)

例句(that(連詞)在名詞性從句中的省略)

●That you』re leaving is a pity.(that引導句首的主語從句時,不能省略。為什麼呢?如果省略that,則聽者會以為you』re leaving是主句,所以不能省略that)

●It』s a pity (that) you』re leaving.(that引導後置了的主語從句時,可以省略。為什麼呢?前邊的主謂結構(It』s a pity)是主句,後邊再出現主謂結構(you』re leaving)自然是從句,所以可以省略that。)

●Do you know (that) he has joined the army?(that引導賓語從句時,可以省略。為什麼呢?主謂結構(you know)是主句,再出現主謂結構(he has joined)只能是從句,所以,that有沒有都可以。)

●I believe (that可以省) it will clear up soon and that (不能省) they will come to see us.(多個並列的that賓語從句,只有第一個可以省略,其它的都不能省略。為什麼呢?由於I believe是主句,再出現主謂結構(it will clear)自然是從句,因此,第一個that可以省略。但是,如果把and後的that省略掉,則聽者就不知道they will與it will clear並列呢還是與I believe並列呢?這就引起混亂,所以,they will前的that不能省略。)

(2)引導定語從句的that(代詞),對先行詞重複指定,所以有時可以省略。(注意,由於復指,而可以省略的情況,除了that (代詞)之外,還有who(m)/which。)

那麼,何時可以省略何時不能省略呢?一般地,一個句子(或從句),必須有主語和謂語。that作主語時不能省略,是因為省略後,不是句子了(?+謂語)。that作賓語或表語時可以省略,是因為省略後,仍然是句子(主語+謂語(或系動詞))。

例句(that(代詞)在定語從句中的省略)

●They are the boys whom I got to know at school.(在限制性定語從句中,代詞作賓語時,可以省略。為什麼呢?前邊有主謂結構(they are…),再出現的主謂結構(I got…)只可能是從句,所以,有沒有that都可以。)

●Yesterday I met Jack, whom his parents were looking for at that time.(在非限制性定語從句中,代詞作賓語時,不能省略。為什麼呢?若省略了that,這個句子可能被誤認為主句或並列句。)

There is something (that) keeps worrying me.(主句是there be時,that作主語時可以省略。為什麼呢?there be句型具有特殊性:主語在be之後。此時sth是前後兩句的共同主語,加之,there be的意義很弱,更使得這種共用顯得很合理。)


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