TE||The year of Hurricane Harvey

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導讀

How to avoid sexual harassment

有興趣的可以看看上次這篇

關於性騷擾的文章「An open secret」

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音樂| 精讀 | 翻譯 | 片語

The year of Hurricane Harvey

哈維颶風年

本文英文部分選自經濟學人Leaders版塊

The year of Hurricane Harvey

哈維「颶風」年

（此處雙關，既指八月份的哈維颶風，又指製片人哈維·韋恩斯坦性騷擾醜聞）

Accusations of harassment have felled some powerful men

部分權勢人物因性騷擾指控倒台

But will that lead to a permanent change in behaviour?

但（性騷擾）行為會因此而永久性改變嗎？

FOR those who care about a woman』s right to lead her life unmolested, 2017 began badly. A man accused of groping several women took office in the White House. (Donald Trump dismissed the allegations—as well as a tape of him boasting about his behaviour, which he called mere 「locker-room talk」.)

女性擁有不應被侵犯的權利——對於在乎這一點的人而言，2017年開年不利。一個曾被指控猥褻侮辱數名女性的男人在白宮走馬上任(特朗普對這些指控置之不理，而一則關於他吹噓自己行為（可以對女性「為所欲為」）的視頻，他卻說這只是一種更衣室的玩笑話。)

【視頻曝光】

美國《華盛頓郵報》7日曝光這則錄製於2005年9月的視頻。當時，特朗普身處一輛巴士上，在節目正式錄製前正與「走進好萊塢」訪談節目主持人比利·布希聊天。

　　在這則時長大約3分鐘的視頻中，特朗普向布希描述，他可以對女性上下其手，「我是個名人，她們會允許我這樣做」。接著，特朗普露骨地描述觸摸女性隱私部位等舉動，「我可以為所欲為」。

　　在談及試圖與一名已婚女性發生關係時，特朗普說，「我對她展開攻勢，但是失敗了，這我承認。」視頻中，一個聲音回應道，「哇！」

　　「我對她展開攻勢，就像對待婊子一樣，但是沒能成功。她是個有夫之婦，」特朗普說。特朗普又談及即將會面的另一位女演員，「我最好嚼點嘀嗒糖（類似口香糖），萬一我開始親吻她呢！」《華盛頓郵報》報道，錄製視頻時，特朗普已經與第三任妻子梅拉尼婭結婚。

The year is ending somewhat better. In October Harvey Weinstein, a film producer, was accused of having spent decades harassing and assaulting actresses, and using his exalted position in Hollywood to intimidate and silence anyone who got in his way. He was forced out of the firm he co-founded and is being investigated by police. Further accusations against other powerful men followed, spreading beyond Hollywood into politics, journalism and the tech industry. Dozens were sacked or stepped down. Millions of women were inspired to share their own experience of harassment, using the hashtags #MeToo, #YoTambien, #BalanceTonPorc and so on. In a fitting end to a year of comeuppances, Roy Moore, who is accused of harassment and assault by several women, including one who was 14 at the time, became the first Republican to be defeated in a Senate race in Alabama since 1992.

然而2017年末情況稍有改觀。十月，電影製片人哈維·韋恩斯坦被指控數十年來騷擾並侵犯眾多女演員，並利用其在好萊塢的威望來威脅和壓制擋路人。他被迫從他聯合創建的公司離職，現正接受警察調查。更多針對權勢的調查隨之而來，從好萊塢波及政治、新聞以及科技產業領域。數十人被解僱或者被迫離職。數百萬女性受到鼓舞，紛紛使用標籤#Metoo，#YoTambien(西班牙語:我也是)，#BalanceTonPorc(法國的揭發那頭豬活動)等，分享自己遭受性騷擾的經歷。正值這報應連連的一年快要圓滿結束的日子裡，羅伊摩爾（Roy Moore）被數名女性指控性騷擾，其中包括一名事發時只有14歲的女孩。他也因此成為1992年來首個在阿拉巴馬州的參議院選舉中敗落的共和黨人。

#MeToo drew attention to a facet of women』s lives to which men had been comfortably oblivious. It showed how common harassment is, and how harmful to women』s careers. But the lesson from big social changes in the past is that more needs to happen if 2017 is to mark a permanent shift behaviour. Even now, Hurricane Harvey could blow itself out and women at work once again be assailed by all the old abuses.

#Metoo標籤吸引了公眾對女性生活關注，這一側面正是從前被許多男性安之若素甚至視而不見的。這顯示了騷擾在生活中如此之常見，以及對女性職業的危害如此之大。但從過去社會重大變革中吸取的教訓表明，想要把2017作為永久改變性騷擾行為標誌性一年，還任重而道遠。即使現在，颶風哈維也能把人們改變的熱情吹滅，使工作崗位上的女性再一次陷入過去的困擾（性騷擾）。

Winds of change

改變之風

If history is a guide, a new social norm takes root when a series of smaller changes prepare the ground (see article). First an event galvanises a group of evangelists to throw light on an injustice that is acknowledged only in the shadows—the extent of domestic abuse, say, or the fact that gay people are accused of threatening public morals when they lead perfectly ordinary lives. Sometimes new attitudes bring about a change in the law, as with the introduction of Prohibition and the reform of civil rights in America. But the new law will stick only so long as large parts of the population embrace it. Prohibition failed because too few Americans agreed that all drinking was debauched. People also need to see that transgressions are punished—either directly by the police, or, more often, by the mass of bystanders who choose to act either as enforcers or enablers. Most countries where female genital mutilation is common have laws against it. They are simply not enforced.

如果以史為鑒，在一系列小的改變奠定基礎以後（見文章），一種新的社會規範才會生根發芽。首先，一個事件激發一群傳道者，讓他們揭露這種不公正現象，這些都只存在暗處，正如家暴程度，或者同性戀如普通情侶般正常生活時被控告有傷風化。有時候，社會新聲會帶來法律上的變化，例如美國禁酒令頒布以及民權改革。但只有大多數人口接受，新的法律才能長久。禁酒令就是因為沒多少美國人認為喝酒有傷風化。人們同樣需要明白違法必究---也許是由警察直接出手，亦或是更多情況下，由旁觀者充當實施人或促成人，令違法行徑得到懲處。在很多國家，女性割禮是法律所禁止的，實際上卻屢禁不止。這就是典型的執法不嚴。

Prepare the ground：

To create or prepare the basics or essential foundation (for something); to pave the way (forsomething).

Cast/shed/throw light on：

To reveal information or details about something; to clarify or help people understand something.

The signs are that the #MeToo movement has reached a delicate stage. The buffeting of the past few months has certainly been cathartic. It has also brought abusers in a bewildering range of industries kicking and screaming into the open. But the novelty of seeing famous men brought down will soon fade. Before that happens, both men and women need to come to a shared understanding of what sexual harassment is and what to do about it. If too many of them conclude that complaints are being exaggerated or exploited, they will not step in to stop backsliders. Minor transgressions will be allowed to carry on. That will make it more likely that rape and sexual assault go unpunished, too.

種種跡象表明，「MeToo」運動的勢頭已經減弱。過去幾個月所引起的巨大反響無疑也是人們情感上的宣洩。涉事的違法人員來自各行各業，不禁讓人感覺眼花繚亂。這場運動將這些過街老鼠公之於眾，儘管他們百般抗拒。但是，這種將名人繩之以法的新鮮感也在逐漸褪去。因此，所有人都必須抓緊時間達成共識，明確性騷擾的定義以及處理的方式。如果多數人認為受害人只是在誇大自己的經歷，那麼最後無恥之徒將肆無忌憚，繼續作惡。看似微不足道的越界行為（性騷擾）則繼續發生，並且照這個趨勢往下發展，強姦和性侵最終將有可能免受懲罰。

Start with what counts as harassment. Most people can see the harm in a man trading a promotion for sex, in sexual assault or in crude groping. The divisions start with unwanted propositions, leering, sexualised put-downs and the like, particularly by a man who is in a powerful position. What men try to laugh off as a compliment, or a joke, often feels like humiliation or bullying to women—and may well be intended as such. Accusations can cast a shadow over someone』s reputation, so the lack of clarity over what is appropriate and what is not can be unsettling. Men and women may wonder how they are supposed to know whether a flirtation will be welcomed or will be the prelude to a career-threatening exposure. A lack of due process only adds to the uncertainty.

首先說說哪些行為算性騷擾。例如男上司以升職為條件要求女下屬跟其發生性行為，再如性侵犯或者對女性上下其手，凡此種種所帶來的危害都被大多數人看在眼裡。尤其是位居權勢的男性常發生此類事件，他們會先強迫女性接受自己所開出的條件，接著便色迷迷地盯著女方看，還用粗言穢語侮辱對方。 男性一般會對自己說過的話一笑置之，認為自己是在稱讚對方，或者只是開開玩笑，而無論其是否有意為之，通常這些話語都被視為對女性的侮辱或欺凌。一經指控，騷擾者的名譽會受損，所以，對錯之間的界定如果不能夠明確，則將引起人們的不安。無論男女，每個人都有這樣的困惑，即如何才能確定自己偶然的調情是為對方所接受的，且不至於遭到危及工作的曝光和指控。該有的判斷程序一旦缺失， 界定上的不確定性只會越來越多。

Despite this absence of agreement, the evidence suggests that even less serious harassment causes harm. A study published in May, which followed the careers of a cohort of women in Minnesota, found that 11% had been harassed in some way in a single year. The victims went on to earn less than other women; of those who had been verbally abused repeatedly or physically touched at least once, 79% left the company within two years. That is not only wrong—in the way that all bullying is wrong—but also a waste of valuable talent.

雖然人們尚未就「性騷擾」的定義達成共識，但經驗告訴我們即便是輕微的騷擾也會造成傷害。在追蹤了明尼蘇達州大批職業女性的現狀後，一份研究報告於五月份公布，這項研究表明該州11%的女職員在一年中均曾遭受不同程度的騷擾。未屈從的受害者們繼而拿著低於應有水平的薪資；那些反覆遭受言語侮辱並且至少一次經歷肢體騷擾的女員工，選擇在2年內辭職的人數高達79%。性騷擾錯的不止一點，除了侮辱他人造成危害外，在某種程度上，更對人才資源造成了十足的浪費。

Once there is a consensus about what is wrong and why, the new norms must be enforced. This is unlikely to involve a change in the law. Rape and sexual assault are already illegal; discrimination and bullying at work are subject to employment law. What needs to change is the tacit complicity of managers and staff. HR departments often defend the boss—especially if he is seen as a rainmaker, as Mr Weinstein was. Managers want to keep their star employees, even if they are toxic, because they appear to do so much for the team.

一旦人們就孰是孰非達成共識，我們務必要執行制定的新規範，但這個新規範不太可能引起法律的變動。法律業已規定強姦和性騷擾是違法行為；勞工法則針對工作歧視和欺凌行為作出規定。需要改變的是員工和管理人員之間的沆瀣一氣。人事部門經常會維護老闆，尤其是碰到像韋恩斯坦先生這樣績效顯著的上司時。從上層角度考慮，即便明星員工自成一害，經理也希望能夠留下他們，他們顯然能夠為團隊帶來更多的好處。

Those may turn out to be false economies—certainly, they were with Mr Weinstein, who brought about the collapse of his firm. When you tot up the costs of all the women who leave, never join or work less well, the harassing star may not be so valuable after all.

這樣做其實並不經濟——當然跟那位韋恩斯坦比起來，其他人對其公司的危害是小了一些。但因此造成女員工們有的辭職，有的不再進公司，也有的消極怠工，一筆賬算下來，騷擾女性的明星員工也許並不那麼有價值了。

A new agenda

新的議題

To change behaviour, the new standards must be enforced. Women who make complaints should not be brushed off, bullied into dropping them or gagged by settlements with non-disclosure clauses—one idea is that firms should be obliged to tell investors how many such agreements they have made. The entertainment industry, which appears so far to be an arch-offender, needs to reflect hard about whether that is related to the lack of women producers and directors.

必須執行新的標準來改變這種行為。有人提議，投資人應有強制知情權，監管公司曾做出多少份協議，迫使勇於發聲的女性掃地出門，亦或停止投訴，封口緘默。作為眾矢之的的娛樂業，亟待反省其女性製作人和導演的稀缺是否也與這一現象有關。

Ultimately, however, much of the task will fall to peers. Men need to be alert and to step in where necessary. Women need to stand up for each other. Too many people have been blind to a problem hidden in plain sight. But Hurricane Harvey has raged through 2017 and ignorance is no longer an excuse.

最後，我們同時代的人承擔著艱巨的任務。男性要警惕並在需要的時候挺身而出，女性則需要彼此支持。有太多的人對藏在眼皮子底下的問題視而不見，但哈維風暴席捲了整個2017年，無知將不再是一個借口。

翻譯組：

Grace，女，衛生民工，經濟學人粉絲

Wesley，男，自由職業，經濟學人鐵粉

Sybil，女，英專大四在讀，Catti三級

Cyrus，男， 口譯民工，經濟學人愛好者

Aileen，女，大四數學狗 經濟學人粉絲

校核組：

Samantha，女，外企低管，語言愛好者

Swallow，女，英專研究生，經濟學人粉絲

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觀點 |評論|思考

本次觀點由Cece同學完成

Cece，女，消防工作者，CATTI三筆

人們常說，黎明前的黑暗是最黑的。

長久的沉默，讓大家都以為被騷擾女性將繼續沉默下去，但是，哈維事件成為了導火索，也像壓在駱駝身上的最後一根稻草，迅速掀起了一陣反抗和揭發的熱潮，這不是單單因為事情的嚴重性，而是因為人們心中的憤怒已經積壓的太久太深。

這次事件確實引發了人們的思考，但是更多的，還是因為涉及的行業面廣，涉及的名人很多，才吸引了人們新鮮的眼球。如何能夠真正引起人們的重視，端正男性和女性對騷擾事件的認識，值得我們進一步深思。

對於女性騷擾事件，我認為，一方面要端正人們和社會對騷擾事件的認識，男性不應該將此作為炫耀的資本，女性也不應當包庇或者不齒說出口，另一方面，要在法律和規範方面，細化對此類事件的界定，對騷擾事件的定義，騷擾事件的不良影響，怎樣處理。

如果這次事件真的能夠引發上面的變革，那麼才能真正改變現狀，迎來新的春天。

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願景

打造獨立思考 | 國際視野 | 英文學習

小組

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