歐陸風雲-多瑙與萊茵

來自專欄歷史⑨課37 人贊了文章

Under Pompey in the 1st century BC, the Romans stationed in and founded Pompaelo (modern Pamplona) but Roman rule was not consolidated until the time of the Emperor Augustus.

公元前1世紀，在龐培治下，羅馬人建立了Pompaelo（現在的Pamplona，巴斯克地區）並駐軍於此，然而羅馬對這裡的統治直到奧古斯都時才鞏固。

Augustus starts campaign against the Cantabrians in northern Hispania, he leads an army (8 legions) and consolidates the north-eastern region.

奧古斯都開始對北西班牙的坎塔布利亞人發動戰役，他率領了一支軍隊（8個軍團），鞏固了東北地區。

Galatia becomes a Roman province after the death of its king. The Roman troops stationed there were relocated to Egypt.

加拉太國王死後，加拉太成為羅馬一省。駐紮在彼處的羅馬軍隊被戰轉到埃及。

In 25 BC, Numidia became a Roman province and Juba II received Mauretania as his kingdom.

公元前25年，努米底亞成為羅馬一省，努米底亞國王Juba二世收到茅利塔尼亞，將其作為自己的王國。

12 May – Peace treaty between Rome and Parthia, in which the captured eagles of Marcus Licinius Crassus and Mark Antony were returned. The Romans installed Tigranes III as the new King of Armenia unopposed.

5月12日，羅馬與帕提亞達成和約，帕提亞歸還了克拉蘇斯和安東尼丟給帕提亞的鷹旗。羅馬在無人反對的情況下，扶植提格蘭三世為亞美尼亞新王。

The Cantabrians, living on the northernmost coast of Spain, are brought under Roman control. The region is completely subdued until 16 BC.

居住在西班牙最北端海岸的坎塔布里人被羅馬控制。該區域直到前16年才徹底被降服。

Noricum is incorporated into the Roman Empire.

羅馬帝國吞併了諾里庫姆。

The Raeti tribes of the Alps are subjugated by Tiberius and Nero Claudius Drusus and the new Roman province of Raetia is established with Chur (in modern-day Switzerland) as its capital.

Tiberius和Neo Claudius Drusus征服了阿爾卑斯上的拉埃提亞部落，羅馬建立了拉埃提亞省，以Chur（在現在的瑞士）為首府。

The Scordisci were crushed in 15 BC by Tiberius, and became Roman subjects, playing the part as mercenaries.

公元前15年斯科迪西人被Tiberius擊垮，成為羅馬的臣屬和傭兵來源。

The Ligurians were eventually subdued by the Romans by 14 BC.

至公元前14年，羅馬人最終征服了利古里亞人。

The Roman general Nero Claudius Drusus builds the stronghold of castrum Moguntiacum, the modern city of Mainz, Germany.

羅馬將軍Nero Claudius Drusus建立了Castrum Moguntiacumn要塞，即現在德國城市美因茨。

Revolt in Thrace against Roman rule led by Vologaeses.

Vologaeses在色雷斯起兵反抗羅馬統治。

Tiberius Claudius Nero summoned to Pannonia due to severe revolt by the Delmataeians.

Tiberius被召至潘諾尼亞，應對達爾馬提亞人掀起的反抗浪潮。

Roman armies based at Xanten, Cologne and Mainz campaign beyond the Rhine.

駐紮在Xanten、科隆和美因茨的羅馬軍隊跨過萊茵河，向日耳曼人發動戰爭。

Drusus secures the Rhine frontier and builds Roman fortresses near Bonn, Dorsten, Haltern, and Oberaden.

Drusus穩固了羅馬的萊茵河疆界，在波恩、Dorsten、Haltern和Oberaden附近建立了一系列羅馬要塞。

Drusus once again campaigned across the Rhine and spent the majority of the year attacking the Chatti. In his third campaign, he conquered the Chatti and other German tribes, and then returned to Rome.

Drusus再一次跨過萊茵河作戰，全年大部分時間在攻打卡蒂人。在第三次戰役中，他征服了卡蒂人和其它日耳曼部落，然後回到羅馬。

Pannonia is incorporated in the Roman Empire as part of Illyria.

潘諾尼亞被併入羅馬帝國，成為伊利里亞的一部分。

Nero Claudius Drusus begins a campaign against the Marcomanni, but dies soon after a fall from his horse.

Drusus著手攻打馬克曼尼人，但從馬上墜落，不久去世。

King Maroboduus becomes ruler of the Marcomanni and fights against the Roman Empire expansion in Bohemia.

Maroboduus國王成為馬克曼尼人統治者，對抗羅馬帝國向波西米亞的擴張。

After Drusus death, Tiberius was given command of the Rhines forces and waged two campaigns within Germania over the course of 8 and 7 BC. He marched his army between the Rhine and the Elbe, and met little resistance except from the Sicambri. Tiberius came close to exterminating the Sicambri, and had those who survived transported to the Roman side of the Rhine, where they could be watched more closely.

Drus死後，Tiberius授權指揮萊茵河地區的羅馬軍隊，並在公元前8年和前7年進行了兩次戰役。他縱橫在易北河與萊茵河之間，所向披靡，除了Sicambri人。Tiberius幾乎要滅絕Sicambri人，活下來的Sicambri人被送到萊茵河的羅馬一側，被嚴加監視。

King Maroboduus of the Marcomanni organized in the area later known as Bohemia a confederation of Germanic tribes, with the Hermunduri, Lombards, Semnoni and Vandals.

馬克曼尼人的國王Maroboduus在後世稱之為波西米亞的區域組織了日耳曼部落聯盟，包括Hermunduri人、倫巴第人、Semnoni和汪達爾人。

Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus commands the Roman army in Germania and crossed the Rhine. He builds the pontes longi (meaning 「long bridges」 in Latin) over the marshes between the Rhine and the Ems.

Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus指揮日耳曼尼亞的羅馬軍隊跨過萊茵河。他在萊茵河和埃姆斯河之間的沼澤地上修起了pontes logi（拉丁語「長橋」）。