Although a number of focused interventions for characterological problems have been developed over the past 15 years, the most common prescription for personality disorders is still long-term psychoanalytic therapy. But analytic treatments, including psychoanalysis, are not uniform procedures applied inflexibly regardless of the patient』s personality. Even the most classical analyst will be more careful of boundaries with a hysterical patient, more pursuant of affect with an obsessive person, more tolerant of silence with a schizoid client. Efforts by a therapist to be empathic do not guarantee that what a particular client will experience is empathy—one has to infer something about the person』s individual psychology to know what can help him or her feel known and accepted. Advances in the understanding of people with psychotic disorders (e.g., Read, Mosher, Bentall, 2004) and borderline conditions (e.g., Bateman Fonagy, 2004; Clarkin, Levy, Lenzenweger, Kernberg, 2007; Steiner, 1993) have led to treatment approaches that are not 「classical analysis」 but are rooted in psychodynamic ideas. To use them, one must first recognize one』s client as recurrently struggling with psychotic or borderline states, respectively.
目測,翻譯沒問題。
Advances in the understanding of people with psychotic disorders (e.g., Read, Mosher, Bentall, 2004) and borderline conditions